111-  Library 

51 


Ferns  and  Evergreens 

OF 

MEW  ENGLAND. 


A SIMPLE  GUIDE  FOR  THEIR  DETERMINATION. 

By  EDWARD  KNOB  EL. 


BOSTON  : Published  by  BRADLEE  WHIDDEN, 
1895. 


Copyright,  1895,  by  E.  Knobel. 


To  find  the  name  of  a fern.  Observe  if  the  stem  divides  into  two  branches  or  forks. 


(</)  Feather-like parted  (pinnatifid),  i.  e.,  divisions  not  reaching  to  midrib  or  stem. 
(l>)  Feather-like  divided  (pinnate),  /.  e.,  divisions  reaching  to  midrib  or  stem. 


( c )  Once  divided,  and  divisions  parted. 


(d)  Twice  divided  (two  pinnate). 


(e)  Twice  divided,  and  divisions  parted. 


(/)  Three  times  divided  (three  pinnate,  or  ternate). 


Compare  general  shapes,  stems,  and  points  with  drawings  on  the  black-ground  plates  : also 
lower  leaflets  with  detail  drawings  in  regard  to  veins,  sawteeth,  points,  and  fruit  dots. 

The  drawings  are  all  about  one-third  natural  size. 


Key  to  Ferns  (Filices) 


Stem  not  forked. 

( a ) Simple  leaf-like,  feather-like  parted,  or  twice  parted  . 

( b ) Feather-like  divided  ....... 

( c ) Feather-like  divided  and  parted  : 

narrow  ........ 

less  than  2 ft.  long  ...... 

2 ft.  or  more  long  ...... 

{d)  Twice  feather-like  divided  ...... 

( e ) Twice  divided  and  parted,  at  least  the  lower  leaflets  . 
(/)  Three  times  divided,  at  least  the  lower  leaflets  . 

Stem  two-forked.  Ferns  ........ 

Evergreens  or  Club-mosses  ...... 


Plate  I. 

. . Plate  II. 

Plate  II. 
Plate  III. 
Plates  IV.,  V. 
. Plate  VI. 
Plates  VI.,  VII.,  VIII. 

. Plate  IX. 

Plate  X. 
. Plate  XI. 


The  Ferns  have  been  classified  by  their  fruit,  which  consists  of  minute  one-celled 

powder  like  spores  in  a case  (sporangium) . The  sporangia  are  often  clustered  into  round  or  oblong 
dots  (sort),  and  these  are  sometimes  covered  by  a thin  skin  (intlusium). 


Polypodium  and  Phegopteris, 
sori  round  and  uncovered. 

Pteris  and  Adiantum,  sporangia 
covered  by  the  edge  of  leaf. 

Woodwardia,  sori  oblong,  paral- 
lel to  ribs. 

Asplenium,  sori  oblong,  oblique 
to  ribs,  and  opening  inwards. 

Dicksonia,  indusium  cup-shaped, 
supported  by  a tooth  of  the 
leaf. 

WoodS'Xa,  indusium  hood-like, 
covering  the  sporangia. 


Cystopteris,  indusium  fastened 
behind  sori,  opening  from  the 
centre. 

Aspidium,  indusium  kidney  or 
shield  shaped,  fastened  at  the 
middle,  opening  all  round. 

Onoclka,  fertile  on  separate 
contracted  fronds,  sporangia 
covered  with  deformed 
leaves. 

Osmunda  and  Botrychium, 
sporangia  uncovered,  and 
separate. 

Lygodium,  indusium  scale-like, 
covering  the  sporangia. 

Ophioglossum,  sporangia  un- 
covered, and  connected. 


Plate  I. 


Plate  I. 


1.  Adder’s  Tongue.  Ophioglossum  vulgatum.  i to  2 in. 

2.  Moon  wort.  Botrychium  simp/ex.  2 to  5 in. 

3.  Moonwort.  Botrychium  matricaria.  3 to  6 in. 

4.  Common  Rock  Fern.  Polypodium  vulgarc.  6 to  10  in.;  evergreen;  fruit  clots  large  and  round. 

5.  Woodwardia  angustifolia.  1 ft.  high;  fertile  plants,  with  narrow  curled-up  leaflets,  and 

fruit  dots  parallel  to  midrib. 

6.  Mountain  Fern.  Phegopteris  polypodioides.  12  in.;  narrow  triangular,  hairy ; fruit  dots  small. 

7.  Phegopteris  hexagonoptera.  12  to  15  in.;  broad  triangular,  smooth. 

8.  Sensitive  Fern,  Wood  Swamp  Fern.  Onoclea  sensibilis.  2 to  4 ft. 


Plate  1. 


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https://archive.org/details/fernsevergreenso00knob_0 


Plate  II. 


Plate  II. 


9.  Spleenwort.  Aspienium  trichomanes.  3 to  8 in.  ; stem  brown. 

10.  Spleenwort.  Aspienium  ebeneum.  8 to  16  in.  ; stein  brown. 

11.  Shield  Fern.  Aspidium  ( Polystichum ) lonc/iitis.  9 to  20  in.;  evergreen 

short  stemmed  ; fruit  clots  round,  on  under  side  of  almost  all  leaves. 


12.  Wood  Fern.  Aspidium  acrostichoides.  1 to  2 ft.;  bright 
shining,  evergreen;  fruit  dots  round,  on  under  side  of  upper 
leaves  only  ; long  stem. 


Aspidium  eristatum.  1 to  2 ft.;  dull  dark  green,  evergreen  ; fruit 
dots  round  and  large. 


Woodsia  obtusa.  6 to  12  in. ; fruit  dots  globular. 


14. 


PLATt:  II. 


Plate  HI 


Plate  III. 


Spleen  wort.  Asplenium  thelypteroides.  i )A  to  2 1/2  ft.;  fruit  dots  oblong, 
divisions  not  as  crowded  as  in  No.  17,  stem  leafy  to  ground,  veins 
simple. 


Common  Meadow  Fern.  Aspidium  thelypteris.  2 ft.;  bare  long  stalk,  fruit 
dots  round  and  crowded,  veins  forked. 


Common  Wood  Fern.  Aspidium  novtboracense.  1 to  2 ft.;  fruit  dots  round, 
leaflets  crowded,  stem  leafy  to  ground,  veins  simple. 


Plate  III. 


Plate  IV. 


Plate  IV. 


Bog  Fern.  Woodwardia  virgitiica.  2 ft.  ; featherlets  far  apart,  fruit  dots 
oblong,  parallel  with  midrib. 


Aspidium  goldianum.  2 to  3 ft. ; fruit  dots  round  near  ribs. 


Onorfca  strut/iiopteris  (struthiopteris  germanica).  2 to  3 ft.;  fertile  on 
separate,  curled-up,  blackish  fronds ; stems  angular ; veins  few 
and  simple. 


Plate  IV. 


Plate  V. 


Plate  V. 


21.  Osmunda  Claytoniana.  2 to  4 ft.;  some  featherlets  in  middle  of 

an  ordinary  frond  bear  the  fruit. 

22.  Osmunda  cinnamomea.  2 to  5 ft.;  fruit  on  a separate  smaller  frond, 

thickly  covered  with  whitish  rusty  wool. 

Leaves  of  both  alike  ; many  forked  veins. 


Plate  V. 


Plate  VI. 


Plate  VI. 


23.  Royal  Fern.  (Jsmutida  regalis.  2 to  5 ft.;  fruit  crowded  on 
upper  ends  of  some  leaves. 


24.  Male  Fern,  Vermifuge.  Aspidium  pi/ix-mas.  2 ft.;  fruit  dots  round. 


Rock  Fern.  Aspidium  marginale.  1 to  2 ft.  ; evergreen ; fruit  dots 
round,  near  margin  of  leaflets. 


Plate  VI. 


Plate  VII. 


Plate  VII. 


o-r' 


26. 


Dicksonia punctilobula  ( pilosiusculd) . 2 ft.  ; hairy,  tapering 

gradually  to  a fine  point;  roundish  sawteeth ; fruit 
dots  cup-shaped,  globular. 


27- 


Female  Fern.  Asplenium  filix-fcemina.  1 to  3 
ft. ; smooth,  short  pointed,  sharp  toothed  ; 
fruit  dots  oblong  or  half-moon  shaped. 

There  are  several  varieties,  one  smaller  with 
only  short  sawtoothed  leaflets,  one  larger 
with  long  curved  leaflets. 


Bladder  Fern.  Cystopteris  bulbifera.  1 to  2 ft.;  slender, 
sometimes  little  bulblets  on  stems. 


Cystopteris  fragilis.  1 ft. ; slender. 


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PLATE  VII. 


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Plate  VIII. 


Plate  VIII. 


Aspidium  boottii.  i to  2 ft. ; evergreen,  resembling  a broad 
Aspidium  cristatum,  but  differing  in  divided  leaflets  and 
much  smaller  fruit  dots. 


31.  Aspidium  spinulosum.  1 to  2 ft.;  sharp  spiny  toothed  : lower  leaflets 

conspicuous,  larger  than  the  others  and  almost  three  times  divided  ; 
evergreen. 


32- 


Asplenium  ruta-muraria.  2 to  4 in. ; evergreen. 


Plate  VIII. 


Plate  IX. 


Plate  IX 


33.  Common  Brake,  Eagle  Fern.  Pteris  aquilina.  2 to  3 ft.  high;  stem  upright;  fruit  on  curled 
margin  of  leaves. 


34.  Oak  Fern.  Phegopteris  dryopteris.  1 ft. 


35.  Moonavort.  Botrychium  iunarioides . 3 to  12  in.;  leaf-stem  from  the  ground. 


36.  Botrychium  virginicum.  1 to  2 ft. ; leaf  from  middle  of  fertile  stem. 


Plate  IX. 


Plate  X. 


Plate  X, 


37.  Maiden  Hair  Fern.  Adiantum  pedatum.  9 to  15  in.;  upright  blackish  stem,  leaves  horizontal. 


38.  Climbing-  Fern.  Lygodium  palmaiurn.  1 to  3 ft.  long. 


Plate  X. 


Plate  XI 


EVERGREENS; 

Lycopodium  and  Club-moss. 


Plate  XI. 


1.  Swamp  Evergreen.  Lycopodium  lucidulum.  6 to  12  in.  ; leaves  minutely  toothed,  growing  from 

underground  creeping  stems. 

L.  selago.  3 to  6 in.;  similar  to  No.  1 ; leaves  not  toothed. 

Z.  inundatum.  1 to  4 in.;  similar  to  No.  1,  but  creeping  on  the  surface  of  ground. 

2.  Lycopodium  complanatum.  Creeping,  branches  flat. 

3.  Ground-Pine.  Z.  dendroideum  (obscurum).  6 to  9 in.;  stems  creeping  underground. 

Z.  annotinum.  5 to  8 in.;  similar  to  No.  3,  but  creeping  on  surface  of  ground. 


4.  Common  Club-moss.  Z.  clavatum.  Creeping  on  surface  of  ground. 


Plate  XL 


3 0112  105256900 


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THE  FERNS  AND  EVERGREENS  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

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